higher or lower fixed cost
an output-invariant marginal cost component
and an economies of scale parameter.
[Hint: set F=0 for long-run cost curves: AC=SAC=AVC]
Enter any total cost function you'd like to see represented (notation assumes short-run, but MC & AC graphs apply in LR as well)
Notes:
* If you are thinking of a long-run scenario, so none of the costs are sunk, simply ignore curves AVC and AFC, and think of SAC as AC